Family Background And History Family - 802 Words

Family background and history (F): As I have mentioned previously, I grew up in a divorced family from a very young age. I lived with my mom, sister and grandma for about four years until my mom remarried and moved across the country. My sister and I then moved in with my dad for about six years until I left for college. I have moved a lot in my life and it has resulted in me feeling like I really do not have a home at all, just a series of houses that I’ve lived in for a few years at a time. I think I’m very aware of all the different types of family combinations that there are today, although I could do a better job of educating myself about what kinds of struggles and positive experiences each type of family style has. I do have a prejudice towards a certain family type. This is because I have some resentment towards happily married couple with two or three kids who have lived in the same house together their entire lives. I should know better than this though, just because they seem to be perfect on the outside does not mean that they’re really a big happy family all the time. Unique Physical Characteristics (U): I have to admit to submitting myself to the impossible standards of beauty that our society holds us to. I have always had extremely low self-esteem because I am highly uncomfortable with my weight and my complexion. I really need to start developing a healthier respect for myself. It would be extremely hypocritical of me if I’m working with clients who areShow MoreRelatedFamily Background And History That May Affect Planning And Service Provision For This Family867 Words   |  4 PagesFAMILY UPDATE Family Background Describe relevant family background and history that may affect planning and service provision for this family. Ms. Goodall was adoptive as a child. She reports that she knows some of her family on her biological side of the family, but not communicates with them on regular bases. However, Ms. Goodall seems to not get along with her adoptive parents. She still resides in the home even though there is an order protection against her adoptive father, Mr. GoodallRead MoreFamily Health History Is A Powerful Tool For Screening Patients915 Words   |  4 PagesFamily health history is a powerful tool for screening patients. Family nurses tracing the illnesses suffered by a patient’s family members can help predict the disorders patients and their families may be at risk for, and take appropriate action to help them maintain a healthy life. In this report I will complete a Genetic/Genomic Nursing Assessment on my friend and her family. I will discuss three generations of family members, identify health issues, and genetic traits. This report will containRead MoreMixed Race History : The Col or of Water1405 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent was her families quick acceptance of her future husband Julio Peralta. Based on history and individuals discussed throughout the course and Julio’s different background, I expected more opposition from her family. As we have seen throughout the course, acceptance of a spouse with a different look or complexion has not always been so easily accepted by families. For instance, we can again refer back to the case of Rachel in The Color of Water who was shunned by her family and even forgottenRead MoreElizabeth, By Elizabeth Hebel1123 Words   |  5 Pagesalso born in Poland. Although Elizabeth family is majority filled with Polish descent, there are additional cultural roots stemming from Russia, Portugal, and Italy. Through this interview, it is concluded Elizabeth’s family background does not differentiate vastly from the current traditional American family. The traditions, values, and celebrations of Elizabeth’s f amily is nearly homologous to many American born families. All-inclusive, the family background of the interviewee Elizabeth is filledRead More Historical Perspective in the Essays of Susan Griffin, Richard Rodriguez, and Ralph Ellison1570 Words   |  7 PagesPerspective in the Essays of Susan Griffin, Richard Rodriguez, and Ralph Ellison (Our Secret, Extravagance of Laughter, The Achievement of Desire) Susan Griffin’s â€Å"Our Secret† is an essay in which she carefully constructs and describes history, particularly World War II, through the lives of several different people. Taken from her book A Chorus of Stones, her concepts may at first be difficult to grasp; however David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky say that, â€Å"Griffin writes about theRead MoreThe Family Of A Person1182 Words   |  5 Pagestheir own family origin, and that’s what defines them. The family roots, name, and history are the main reasons for being. It is one of the most important information about a person. The family can help people to conclude what the type of person they are just by knowing their family background. In fact, genetics can also elaborate how families are a big part of every person. The way the person looks, their health, personality and many other are the genetics that people get from their families. The familyRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Efficacy1645 Words   |  7 Pageshave a high number low income families and minority students. This article suggest that teachers need to have more background information about the climate and the history of the population that they are educating. It is suggested that one of the reason that there is such a high turnover in these areas is due to the fact that the teachers are not trained or familiar with this climate and offend time these are young and inexperienced teachers from middle class backgrounds. According to the research theRead MoreMy Best Friend B. Jr.852 Words   |  4 Pages Genogram When selecting a family for this project, I looked for a family that had a large complexity in within each generation. I decided to interview my best friend B. Gibson Jr. A little history about Mr. Gibson. Mr. Gibson is a junior to his father. He is 43 years of age. Is in his second marriage for 15 years with to P. S. Gibson. They have 4 children, a set of twin’s boys that are 15 and two girls ages 13 and 12. B. G. Jr., is a retired military veteran of 15 years with a degreeRead MoreHeritage Assessments Are Used To Appraise The Patient’S1003 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant correspondence that could in turn negatively affect the patient s outcome (Wintz, 2009). It is important that an individual s family and culture be taken into consideration when focusing on their health and well-being. Personalized health care plans are outlined in a cultural and situational fashion. These experiences, along with their health history and individual diagnoses are what make a difference in nurses being culturally competent. Practitioners and other health care professionalsRead MoreWhat Nursing Intervention Strategies The Family1237 Words   |  5 PagesObtaining a family history can link together past medical problems and can also reveal future problems that may need to be addressed. Identifying a problem before it occurs allows time for changes to be made and gives patients a better understanding of preventative care. In this paper, I am going to identify and three generation pedigree of my family, and provide a brief health history as well as a complete reproductive history of each family member. Next I will describe the ethnic background for each

Abortion A Pro Choice - 1125 Words

Joshjuan West Dr. Kroski April 24, 2017 Opposite View Pro-Choice To this day, abortion has become one of the most controversial topics across america. The biggest reason for this is that people override their logical reasoning with their emotions on a regular basis. If a person can surpass their emotions or can remove them from the conversation, the more logical choice becomes so obviously clear. Pro-Choice is the fair choice to all women in America and across the world, considering it is their body and what they choose to do with it is completely up to them. I am of the Pro-Life opinion, but for the purpose of this paper I am a Pro-Choice advocate. The main argument against the Pro-Choice stance is that performing an†¦show more content†¦Is it fair to the women to deny her the ability to have children she does not want? It should not be okay for anyone to force said woman to have a child when she was trying to prevent conception. This brings us to individual freedom. The government is not entitled to tell women what they can and cannot do with their reproductive system. That would violate her freedoms in the United States of America. No matter the motivations, it is not the government’s place to step into an operating room and tell a woman she has to continue with the pregnancy no matter her reasons for wanting an abortion. Pope John Paul II said, â€Å"Therefore, in firmly rejecting â€Å"pro choice† it is necessary to become courageously â€Å"pro woman,† promoting a choice that is truly in favor of women. It is precisely the woman, in fact, who pays the highest price, not only for her motherhood, but even more for its destruction, for the suppression of the life of the child who has been conceived. The only honest stance, in these cases, is that of radical solidarity with the woman. It is not right to leave her alone.† This says a lot, because someone who is with the opposin g side, pro-life, even admits that only the the woman whose body is being affected knows what is best for her body and health. It is her potential child and her potential future, not the government’s. Let women choose the fate of theirShow MoreRelatedPro Choice On Abortion : Abortion Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesPRO-CHOICE ON ABORTION What do you think about when you hear the word abortion? According to dictionary.com Abortion is the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy and also any of various surgical methods for terminating a pregnancy, especially during the first six months. Abortion it’s a decision a woman has the right to make. No government should have the right to dictate what happens to the woman’s body. Nobody should have a word or say in the decision the womanRead MoreAbortion, Pro Choice And Abortion1617 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion includes ending a pregnancy by the removing of a baby or incipient organism from the uterus. This is once in a while because of the demise of the hatchling; be that as it may, it can likewise bring about the death of it. Premature birth is an extremely controversial topic since its recurrence of event, lawful, social and religious status changes broadly in various areas of the world. There are some prominent gatherings tha t champion either pro-choice or pro-life, and such associations raiseRead MoreAbortion, Pro And Pro Choice2135 Words   |  9 PagesThere Are Three Sides to the Abortion Issue: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, Pro- Somewhere in the Middle Abortion divides many Americans, it is one of the many controversial issue in today’s society. There are two major viewpoints that receive the most attention. One point of view is pro-life which is the belief women should not abort a human life. On the other side, is pro-choice which is the belief women may decide whether to carry a baby to full term or abort it. Abortion is known as the act of removingRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Pro Choice1967 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction A. Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy before the time of extra-uterine viability. An abortion terminates the life of the embryo, (the fertilized egg before three months of growth) or the fetus after three months† (Pederson Watson, 2003). B. The practice of abortion is a controversial topic. It is one of the most discussed issue in politics mostly during the election season. Many candidate use this topic in their favor to gain support from the voters. C. It creates an invisibleRead MoreAbortion : Pro Life And Pro Choice1719 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice â€Å"I have also said that anyone who doesn t feel sure whether we are talking about a second human life should clearly give life the benefit of the doubt. If you don t know whether a body is alive or dead, you would never bury it.† That was just one quote said by Ronald Reagan on the topic of abortion. He also said, â€Å"I ve noticed that everyone who is for abortion has already been born.† Many people, like Reagan once was, are against abortion and believe that it isRead MoreAbortion : Pro Choice And Pro Life Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion Issue in the United States (Section 1) Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in America that is centered between advocates that are pro-choice and pro-life. Intentional miscarriages occur when a women induces the termination of a human during pregnancy, the procedure happens during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Pro-life and pro-choice advocates differ in many of their opinions, over the years the government has been trying to deal with the problem/issue, and now there are possibleRead MoreAbortion: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice694 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Pro-choice abortion Man was born with an inalienable aspect of choice and it is with this aspect that the person will die holding to, indeed, at individual levels people have even the choice between living and death and can decided to end their lives even without informing anyone about it. For long the issue of abortion has attracted a lot of attention and there should be lasting stands take towards the whole aspect of pro-life or pro-choice abortion. My personal stand is that the pro-choiceRead MoreAbortion, Pro Choice, And Pro Life1503 Words   |  7 Pagescontroversial topics in America is abortion. In medical terms, â€Å"an abortion is the premature exit of the products of conception (the fetus, fetal membranes, and placenta) from the uterus† (Medicine Net). All around the world, the practice of abortions has been widely used to control a woman’s reproduction. The polarizing, emotional debate on abortion has been an ongoing issue that still exists today. People’s different perspectives and opinion on whether or not abortion is immoral continue to divide AmericaRead MoreAbortion : Pro Life Or Pro Choice1040 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion is a controversial topic in the world’s culture today. There are two major stances concerning abort ion: pro-life or pro-choice. If an individual is pro-life, she recognizes that a baby is a human in the womb and wants to protect the life of the baby. If an individual is pro-choice, she believes the baby in the womb is not alive and the mother has the right to do away with the fetus. Each view has a value judgment on the topic of abortion. A value judgment is a judgment someone makes on theRead MoreAbortion : Pro Life And Pro Choice1282 Words   |  6 PagesAbortions are one of the countless subjects that every person has an interpretation about. As defined by the 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary, an abortion is, â€Å"the conclusion of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, succeeding in, or closely shadowed by the passing of the embryo or fetus as a natural removal of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation also known as a miscarriage, the tempted exclusion of a human fetus, or the dismissal of a fetus by a local animal often due to infection at

Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning Free Essays

Cooperative larning benefits all pupils, from the higher academic degree to the lower academic degree. This paper will travel over all the benefits of concerted acquisition for English Language Learners ( ELL ) . Benefits include larning from their equals, larning academic vocabulary, and developing cognitive linguistic communication accomplishments. We will write a custom essay sample on Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will besides travel over the benefits of concerted acquisition for pupils how are non English Language Learners. Cooperative acquisition besides benefits peer relationships which helps pupils have a better and more positive attitude about school and go toing school. Benefits of Cooperative Learning For ELL Students An increasing figure of kids geting in schools in the U.S. are capable to troubles when it comes to larn how to read going literate in the English linguistic communication because they are non native English talkers. Besides, their early childhood experiences have non assisted in larning English, which is the chief linguistic communication in schools ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . A concern in unifying ELL pupils into English merely classrooms became evident when it came to faculty members. Not merely did instructors of ELL pupils need to utilize second-language techniques, but they had to somehow acquire their ELL pupils more involved ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . In recent old ages, more and more schoolrooms are turning to cooperative larning with their pupils. In traditional schoolrooms where the lesson is centered on the instructor giving talk, ELL pupils obtain less instructor and equal interaction, and any interaction is at a lower lingual and cognitive degree ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Lessow-Hurley ( 2003 ) found that ELL pupils are placed in lower tracked schoolrooms and are hence non able to win academically. In lower tracked schoolrooms, instructors are frequently excessively busy or preoccupied with pupil behaviour. This comes at the cost of the ELL pupils being overlooked in the schoolroom. Concerted larning groups consisted of high degrees of pupil battle and the usage of higher degree cognitive procedures ( Greenwood, Arreaga-Mayer, Utley, Gavin, A ; Terry 2001 ) . Concerted acquisition is more accommodative and helpful than competitory and individualistic acquisition experiences ( Gomleksiz 2007 ) . Teachers need to hold high degree outlooks for all their pupils, including their ELL pupils. Concerted larning groups can assist all pupils obtain higher degree thought and accomplishment ( Cohan A ; Honigsfeld, 2006 ) . Concerted Learning and Cognitive Skills When kids from all backgrounds, including ELL, work together in concerted groups, they develop an apprehension of the intent of the group and of the lesson. They develop a demand to assist and back up each other ‘s acquisition. When pupils worked in concerted groups in the schoolroom, they were continuously more accommodative and supportive. They used linguistic communication that was more comprehensive and would give more description to help other pupils with their apprehension ( Gillies A ; Ashman, 2000 ) . ELL pupils can profit from concerted acquisition because the equals in their groups are at times more cognizant than the instructors at what precisely the pupils do non understand. Their equals can assist concentrate on the job and explicate the needful information in looks that are more easy understood ( Gillies A ; Ashman, 2000 ) . In concerted acquisition groups, ELL pupils are able to see a higher degree of accomplishment when it comes to accommodating to the basic civilization, linguistic communication, and imposts of the schoolroom. Concerted acquisition helps student acquisition and keeping by triping and prosecuting the pupils ‘ cognitive procedure of cryptography, incorporating, uniting, and changing the standard information into a more personally meaningful signifier ( Buttaro, 2002 ) . It is of import that pedagogues should believe about what is of import in the lesson that is utilizing concerted acquisition and what precisely should all pupils gain from it. When decently implemented, pupils are non merely able to work together, but they are able to better their interpersonal communicating accomplishments. Students are besides learn how to work with a diverse group of pupils. Cooperative acquisition allows all pupils to work together to work out jobs, create undertakings, and develop increased cognition ( Stewart A ; Gonzalez, 2006 ) . Concerted Learning and Peer Relationships Cooperative acquisition besides promotes larning and positive equal relationships. Positive equal relationships are of import to pupils during the early stripling old ages because their peer relationships take precedency during this clip in pupils ‘ lives. A pupil ‘s equal relationship plays a really important and critical function with the pupil ‘s connexion to school. Students who did non get positive equal relationships during this clip are more likely to drop out of school. As stated before, concerted acquisition has been shown to ease academic acquisition for all pupils, including ELL pupils, better and more encouraging equal relationships, and better attitudes toward school ( Stevens 2006 ) . Stevens besides found positives when it came to group ends and mutuality when instructors used concerted acquisition in their schoolrooms: Typically concerted acquisition utilizations group ends, where for one member of the group to win all of the members of the group must win. As a consequence, positive mutuality develops within the group – the equals support and actuate one another, taking to more positive equal dealingss and more societal credence of one another. As the same clip, the single answerability promotes each person ‘s acquisition, ensuing in greater accomplishment. In kernel, concerted acquisition uses equals as both an instructional and motivational resource, taking advantage of pupils ‘ increasing sense of independency and stronger equal orientations during adolescence. Decision Cooperative larning benefits all pupils when set together decently by the pedagogue. ELL pupils are able to larn from their equals and make a higher degree of academic accomplishment. Students non merely will larn from each other, but they will be able to larn how to work in groups with other pupils from different backgrounds. Learning how to work with others is an indispensable accomplishment for all pupils to hold in their academic calling and in their professional calling when they become older. Cooperative larning non merely benefits pupils when larning a specific accomplishment or criterion, but it besides benefits ELL pupils when larning academic vocabulary and communicating accomplishments. Most ELL pupils remain quiet in the schoolroom because they are diffident of the academic vocabulary. Because of this, ELL pupils tend to go over looked. Concerted larning groups will assist ELL pupils become more involved in the assignment and hence derive more acquisition and vocabulary. Once ELL pupils gain more of the vocabulary, they will more likely to go more involved in category treatments. ELL pupils will besides make better academically on separately assignments when they are able to larn from their equals and larn the academic vocabulary. Educators should utilize concerted acquisition more and more in their schoolrooms. Cooperative larning non merely benefits ELL pupils, but pupils with learning disablements are besides able to larn from their equals. They besides are able to have the same benefits when larning a new criterion or accomplishment and academic vocabulary as ELL pupils. High degree pupils are able to larn how to work with pupils who are at a lower degree. Learning how to work with their equals at all different degrees will profit them when it comes to working in groups in the hereafter. How to cite Case study Benefits of Cooperative Learning, Free Case study samples

ICT Project Management Grand Wines

Questions: 1. Assess the practices used by the organisation selected to reward and motivate the employees. You are expected to show a deep understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and various theories of motivation (e.g. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory, Alderfers ERG Theory, Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory). Based on your assessment, provide recommendations and justify your recommendations by relevant theories. (2500 words, 10% more/less) 2. Critically evaluate two Human Resource Management (HRM) functions of the organisation selected. Consider highlighting the differences between the traditional practice of Personnel Management (PM) and modern practices of HRM. (1500 words, 10 % more/less) Answers: Introduction Grand Wines a company based in Sydney, Australia is losing out on its customers due to lack of automated database systems(Cleland, 2006). The company is on its path to implement a project which will lead to connecting all 400 outlets and stores of the company by way of computation. This will not only help timely delivery of stocks and meeting customer demands but also reduce customer dissatisfaction. The automated systems functionality will help improve overall performance of the entire system with improvised techniques and inventory system connections. This system will also help reduce human error which omits recording certain pertinent data or records of sales. The case study report is organized into three tasks, first analysis The companys strength, weakness, opportunity and threats, then a Project charter is build, post which a communication plan which will help communicate details regarding the project to all employees. Task 1 : SWOT analysis Strength High quality of wine Existing customer base Strong and capable employee strength Supplier system efficiency Existing liquor store being 400 in number Weakness Lack of database to cater to customer demands Inefficient supply system Lack of technological competitive skills Opportunity Increase customer base Train employees such as to meet customer demands and enhance satisfaction levels Increase delivery stock and inventory position such that no order is lost. Reduce human error in data entry by computation of processes(Cicmil, 2006) Threats Overshadowing of Competitive power Loss in market share Loss of valuable customers Lack of loyal employee base Table 1 : Grand Wines SWOT Analysis Source : Author Prepare Project Charter Title of the project : Automation and Data Entry System for Inventory Management Nameof the Project Manager : Email of the Project Manager: Duration of the project: 6 Months High level budget: AUD 60000.00 Project Objectives To attain competitiveness in the market To service customers in a beater way To enhance delivery speed and prevent delays in ordering To increase customer satisfaction To enhance delivery without mitigating human error Acceptance Criteria Factors specific which can determine the project comparability to determine success or rate of failure are customer delivery improvement time. Identification of specific deliverables, preparing delivery time schedules such that sales representatives can deliver, prepare customer demand schedule and so on. Agency-specific deliverables in reducing human errors that might creep in due to recording, hence these needs to be attained(Baker, 2008). Date due for the project to be delivered is 6 months. Identifying milestone as well as their exit points, are in capability of data entry systems. Factors should include a specific metrical comparison with competitors analysis. Assumptions and Constraints During the course of the project assumptions made during the course, are in accordance to attaining full customer satisfaction from data entry and automation. Highlighting all constraints that might entail the limitations which required to be addressed are high amounts and volumes of data. The project need also overcome data complexity and variability(Fortune, 2006). StakeholderList The relevant and necessary stakeholders includes the sponsor, executive members and few important members that are required to contribute to high level decisions as external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders include employees, staffs, managers and other members of the organization. Lessons Learned Avoidable pitfalls needs to be identified, are in regards to project timely delivery. The project should adhere to overall costs such that costs do not shoot up(Burke, 2013). The project will run after its application and there needs to be test run. But such application has to be tested and challenges needs to be overrun. Charter Sign off Prepare Communications Plan Plan purpose The project needs to develop a full proof plan for communicating its objectives throughout the organization. This includes selecting relevant modes and appropriate sets of communications for each and every individual(Martin, 2010). As project will be implemented from upper management levels, middle and low level employees will be communicated using billboard message, series of meetings, one to one communication and training sessions conducted. Three will also be a system of feedback undertaken such that each stakeholders internal to the organization has relevant idea and concept regarding the implementation of the project schedules and deliverables. Identification of stakeholders There are two pertinent type of stakeholders who will be impacted from application of such projects as external and internal stakeholders. Stakeholders for the most important persons for coordinating and implementing any type of changes. Thus, stakeholder identification is a vital step towards adherence of project management. While external stakeholders will not have such a pertinent role in application of the projects, internal stakeholders have a significant role. External stakeholder for the company is customers, governmental agencies, agencies and so on. Internal stakeholders include employees, staffs, shareholders, sponsors, managers, team leaders and so on. Information to be shared The project information communication that needs to be shared are project deliverables, project details including software hardware details and other relevant information. Project due dates and costs also needs to be communicated such that its application does not lead to costs or time overruns. Expectations from such projects implications and so on(Haykin, 2008). All relevant information regarding progress of the project has to be shared such that employees are in the track for project development. Frequency of information exchange There needs to continuous exchange of information regarding project deliverables, project expectable and so on. The due date and functioning of such projects also needs to be communicated such that proper deliverables can be expected from them. Employees need to be communicated weekly basis regarding the project. Whereas senior managers and team leaders have to receive feedback on monthly basis. Location of information exchange The central office of the company will act as the key location for the disbursing communication regarding the project. However, all offices and stores will also be instrumental in communicating information regarding deliverables for the project. Purpose of communication The communications once held effectively will help in proper application for the project and its timely submissions(Graham, 2006). Communication will also ensure clarity of information flow and proper understanding regarding the project. The primary focus of such type of communication is to ensure that all internal stakeholders have relevant information regarding the project keys. Mechanism for communication The medium in order to communicate will include message group, physical meeting, phone, email and so on. All modes of communication will be applied for updating all stakeholders regarding the project commencement. Along with all forms of communication modes accepted there also needs to be one to one communication with the employees, who will be leading the change agent causes hence will help adopt the project procedures. Change managementThe team will need to handle changes in the project, whether it is in terms of project scope, schedule, or resources.The project scope needs to implement automated data management and deliverables hence it includes proper training and management of resources. This change can be brought with a change management leader, who will adopt and guide through a process of change. This entails the team plans such that changes can be communicated and team plans to make decisions regarding changes. Change management requires proper handling of employees and organization such that the entire organization can benefit from such procedures. A change management will also encourage proper application of the project by assessing training and developmental needs. A proper feedback system initiated will cater to attending any challenges or flaws in the system, thereby overcoming the same. Employee feedback will help generate a proper and appropriate training schedule according to their a vailability and knowledge or skill levels. Meeting agenda An overview of the team plans such as to accomplish in each of its meetings, and documentation goals and objectives for meetings, such that team can accomplish project objectives. A meeting agenda specifying deliverables from the project and its timely completion has to be ascertained. Meeting agenda is fixed at aiming the particular target accomplishment for the project. The wine company needs to overtake its competitors and establish its market capabilities. The primary focus of this project is to enhance customer satisfaction levels. With automated data entry and processing deliverables will be increased. It will also benefit employees and staff who will be satisfied from such systems. Reference Lists Baker, B. N. (2008). Factors affecting project success. Project Management Handbook, Second Edition, 902-919. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Cicmil, S. W. (2006). Rethinking project management: researching the actuality of projects. International Journal of Project Management, 675-686. Cleland, D. L. (2006). Project management. McGraw-Hill Professional. Fortune, J. . (2006). Framing of project critical success factors by a systems model. International Journal of Project Management, 53-65. Graham, M. B. (2006). Disciplinary practice(s) in business communication, 1985 to 2004. Journal of Business Communication, 43, 268-277. Haykin, S. (2008). Communication systems. . John Wiley Sons. Martin, J. a. (2010). Intercultural communication in contexts.

Research Paper Essays (726 words) - Muhammad Ali,

Research Paper 31 May 2000 Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay in Louisville, Kylon January 17 1942. He grew up in a poor family. Ali had problems in school at an early stage and felt he had to do something different. His future career was fulfilled at 12. When Joe Martin police officer and boxing coach, tried to get Ali started with boxing. At the age of 16, Ali had won two Golden Glove Titles, two National AAU Titles, he was by now nationally recognized. When the 1960 Rome Olympic Game was about to take off, Ali was provided with an opportunity to represent his country. At this point he had fought 103 amateur matches, and had only lost five. Ali went with Olympic team to Rome, and ended winning the gold medal. When he got back to his hometown, Louisville, he thought that he was going to be treated as a champion, but he still was discriminated by the white society. Ali decided to throw his Olympic gold medal into the Ohio River because of his anger about the racism in his hometown. By the age of 22 Ali had a professional boxing record of 19-0. On February 25, 1964, Ali got the heavyweight title shot. Through all the media he was considered to be the "underdog". Before the fight Ali used the media to psyche Sonny Liston. He predicted that " Sonny will fall in four". Ali entered the ring as a 7-1 underdog to the Champ Sonny Liston. Ali used his speed and movement to thoroughly outbox the champion. Ali became the second youngest champion in history. After the fight Ali told the world that his name was now Muhammad Ali and that he had joined the Nation of Islam. It put a great effect on his boxing career. As the champ he realized his popularity in society, and he used it to his power to speak for the Civil Rights. He became a political symbol of the black society, and maybe most influential beside Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. During the next three years, he defended his title nine times with Ernie Terrell and then became the undisputed Heavyweight Champion. On April 28, 1967, the army for the induction of the military service to fight in the Vietnam War drafted Muhammad Ali. He refused to step forward when they called his name because of the religious beliefs. He was immediately stripped of the heavyweight title, and got a five year sentence to serve in prison, which was he appealed right away. He had no more fight in 1967, 1968, and 1969. Ali said he could not fight in the war because of his religious beliefs. He already taken the army test and score 35 percentile, and to qualify you needed at least a 55 or higher. Then most people were drafted through the ages of 18-22, and he was 25. What he did made him even more popular in his society, then they overturned his conviction. In 1970 he made his first fight back and he didn't lose a step on his skills. His rep gave him a title shot against Joe Frazier, the fight was known as the fight of the century. That was when he suffered his first pro lose. In October 30, 1974, it was Ali vs. Forman a match that everyone had waited for. It was held in Zaire and it was nicknamed "the rumble in the jungle", and once again he was the underdog. People where actually feared for his safety because it was know that Forman was the hardest puncher in boxing history. Ali ended up winning the fight by KO, and once again the heavyweight champ. It was the third match between Joe Frazier and Ali, and it was going to be known as "The Thrilla In Manilla". That was his hardest fight of his career. Then he lost the title in 1978 against Leon Spinks, but got it back 8 months later. He announced his retirement on June 27, 1979. He left boxing with a professional record of; 56 wins and 5 loses. Now he suffers from Parkinson's disease, and still does a lot of charity work. He just might have had the greatest success in sports history.

Gambling in Victoria, Australia essays

Gambling in Victoria, Australia essays When one thinks of the Great Southern Land, one hardly associates the term Gambling Capital with our wide-open spaces and pristine coastlines. Why is it, then, that approximately 82% of adult Australians gamble - the highest current rate in the world? Gambling has become a progressively predominant, but clandestine problem in Australia, with Victoria now leading the way in being the state most heavily reliant on gambling revenue. Government figures released in this years budget show that Victoria will collect about $1.4 billion in gambling taxes this financial year, a figure that represents more than $300 for every person in the state. Similarly, gambling expenditures (losses) more than doubled per capita in real terms in Australia over the past decade. They trebled in Victoria. This, combined with the increasingly critical circumstances surrounding problem gamblers, gives rise to the question of whether the number of gambling opportunities in Victoria should be reduced. Whilst gambling comes in many forms, it is clear that poker machines are at the head of Victorias gambling problem. These destructive mechanisms have now overtaken all other forms of gambling, and in the last financial year alone, Victorians spent $6.5 million a day on poker machines, which is about nine times the amount lost in 1992-93, when poker machines were first introduced. Indeed - pokie taxes have become a crucial source of revenue for the Victorian Government. More than 11 per cent of State Government taxes come from poker machines, and it is anticipated that this will exceed $900 million this financial year (2002/3). It has been estimated that in the light of the increase in gambling expenditure, problem gamblers account for one-third of all gambling and 42 per cent of poker machine gambling. Additionally, the Productivity Commission report found that 2.3% of adult Australians have extensive gambling problems, losing more than...

College Entrance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

College Entrance - Essay Example I am one of those employees. It was only by chance that I came across the Master of Science in Public Affairs program of the University of Massachusetts in Boston. For me, discovery of this masters program offering night-time classes was a gift from the universe because it will allow me to perfectly schedule my day and night time hours in order to pursue this much needed educational degree. Thanks to the short turn completion time , I can get my degree in 18 months instead of longer, I will be able to fast track my higher education while never skipping a beat at the office. Having worked for Anhauser - Busch in the past on their contemporary marketing team, then as a product merchandiser, before moving on to working for the state lottery as a sales representative, I am quite familiar with the need to perfectly balance my work, education, and personal time. Since the MSPA program will concentrate mostly on weekend classes and some weekend seminars, I am definite that the course load will never become too much for me to handle. When I decided to pursue a masters degree in Public Affairs, I told myself that the one thing I would not do is sit down to write a personal statement that would misrepresent myself. I am not going to do that because misrepresenting myself will not be beneficial to me should I be accepted into the program because I would have set myself up to fail due to the unreasonably high image that I would have created for myself just to get into the program. Instead, I am coming to you to present myself as a simple person, hoping to be awarded a slot in the MSPA program of your much admired academic institution. I began my career far away from the current field that I am working in as a State Lottery employee. During my younger days, I prided myself in being one of the most sought after DJs in the state. I made my money that way. Being paid to

The rise and Fall of American Economics Term Paper

The rise and Fall of American Economics - Term Paper Example Considering that macroeconomics characteristically focuses on a nation’s economic performance including the manner in which the nation’s economy interacts with other economies globally, it is worth noting that the economy of the United States is not only the largest but also the most complex in the world history, with 87,600 separate government jurisdictions, approximately a hundred and fifteen million households, and thirty million profit organizations/businesses. The U.S. economy is therefore comprised of millions of decision makers who though acting with some autonomy, are all linked with the entire economy. The economy is dynamic – keeps continually renewing itself with new businesses, customers, foreign competitors, households and public official groups among others. Currency circulates throughout the U.S. economy, which facilitates the exchange of products as well as resources among the individual economic units – it is constantly in a circular flow (McEachern, 2008). Historically, just like other industrial market economies, the economy of the United States has gone through sporadic contraction and expansion periods. The rise and fall of the economy refer to the economic fluctuations relative to the economy’s long term growth tendency.... The rise and fall of the economy refer to the economic fluctuations relative to the economy’s long term growth tendency. These variations/business cycles vary in intensity and length, although some elements are universal to all. Usually, the fluctuations involve the whole nation and frequently several other world economies. Additionally, the fluctuations affect almost every economic activity dimension – not just employment and production (Hirschey, 2009). McEachern (2008) notes that the simplest way of comprehending the business cycle is by exploring its elements. He explains that in the 1920s and 1930s, the national Bureau of Economic research director carried out an analysis of business cycles and identified two phases of the economy namely â€Å"contractions† and â€Å"expansions.† He elucidated that the output of the economy declines during a contraction while it increases during an expansion. Prior to WWII, a contraction occurred – this was as severe as to be termed a depression. A depression is a sharp decline in the entire production of the nation going for over a year and accompanied by high rates of unemployment. When a contraction is milder, it is reffered to as a recession – characterized by a reduction in overall output over a period of at least six months or two consecutive quarters. Unlike prior to the world war II when the United States experienced both depressions and recessions, in the period after and until the year 2008, there have not been depressions; only recessions, which is an indication of an improved economy. The quarter-century after World War II appears more like a golden age for the economy of

Pivotal Decades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pivotal Decades - Essay Example Another advancement was the development of wireless communication, which a number of things. The most common and influential was the development of mobile telephony, which made communication easier. Another notable technological advancement was the development of the computers into more usable machines. The assimilation of computers into the economic and educational sector proved crucial as it made things easier. The supermarkets could have automated point of sales and companies had systems to run their errands such as marketing, running analysis and giving future predictions. In the education sector, computers were used for experimental purposes, management and administrative use. The period between 1900 and 1920 were of immense significance to the future of America. The great advancements in technology have assisted us to be at the current economic status with developed countires.. It is because of the above advancements, that we have better lives compared to the lives we lived 30 decades ago. we can, therefore, conclude that the decades were

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity

Successfully Raise A Defence Of Necessity Necessity and Private Defence are closely linked therefore; many of the requirements of private defence are also requirements for necessity. The difference between these two grounds of justification is that private defence stems from and is directed at, an unlawful human attack while in necessity a person finds him/herself in a situation in which he/she must between two evils: either suffer personal harm or break the law. The act of defence in private defence is always directed at an unlawful human attack whereas; in cases of necessity it is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a mere legal provision. (Snyman, 2008, p. 115) Necessity There must be an urgent and immediate threat to life which creates a situation in which the defendant reasonably believes that a fair response to that threat is to break the law. This reflects the distinction between the defenses of necessity and duress in that the former is pressure of circumstances arising naturally, whereas the latter is a threat from an entirely human agency that overpowers the will of the defendant. The subjective frame of mind of the person who is relying on necessity the courts will not consider this but rather whether the act of necessity was in accordance with the legal conviction of society. The courts will also weight the option of whether a reasonable would have acted in the same way as a person that claims to have acted in necessity. They are using the concept of the reasonable person to practically embody the legal convictions of society and not to determining negligence. (Joubert, 2001, p. 61) REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RAISE A DEFENCE OF NECESSITY The author will no discuss five (5) requirements that must be met in order for a person to successfully raise a defence of necessity: A legal interest must be endangered The danger must have begun or be imminent The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger The defensive act must be reasonable The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity A legal interest must be endangered The purpose of the specific conduct must be clearly to protect a legal interest. Although the law recognizes many interests the most obvious are a persons life, limb, personal safety and integrity. A person may act in a situation of necessity to protect property but cannot relay on necessity to protect his/her job. If a person is not able to perform his job without breaking the law he must find another way to earn a living. For example a person cannot operate an illegal shebeen and claim it is to sustain his family when apprehended. The person must rather apply legally for a shebeens license. A person may also act in necessity in defence of some else. (S v Pretorius, 1975) The danger must have begun or be imminent When danger has already passed or will possibly occur in the distant feature a person cannot rely on necessity. Therefore, the danger must already have begun or the situation must be immediately threatening. In the trail Regina v. Dudley Stephens four stranded sailors were adrift in a small boat without supplies. The three strongest decided to eat the fourth, a seventeen (17) year old cabin boy to save themselves. There was some degree of necessity arising from the threat of starvation, even though the cabin boy would almost certainly have died of natural causes the sailors killed the boy intentionally and the court ruled that cannibalizing the boy was not urgently necessary and found them guilty of murder. (Regina v. Dudley Stephens, 1884) The defensive act must be necessary to avert the danger When a person relies on necessity the action taken should have to avert the danger. When there is less drastic measure to avert the danger a person a person should take this option. If it was not taken a person cannot rely on necessity. For instance when a man are awake by a noise in the middle of the night and found a person at his fridge busy eating food and killed the person by shooting him he thus cannot relay on necessity. If there is a possibility that a person can flee from the immediate or imminent danger he should do so. (S v Pretorius, 1975). The danger does not take the form of an unlawful attack and removing oneself from the danger in most cases of necessity. The defensive act must be reasonable A person must act reasonable if he wants to rely on necessity as ground of justification. The interest that is being protected must not be disproportionate of the defence act. Not more harm than is necessary to avert the attack must be inflicted by the person who wants to rely on necessity. According to Snyman this proportionality requirement is sometimes explained by requiring that the protected interest should be of greater value than the interest that is infringed upon. (Snyman, 2008, p. 119). The protected and infringed interests are a totally different nature, but if the infringed interest is a legal provision only, the defence of necessity would most probably succeed. For example a correctional exceeding the speed limit because he is rushing to the Prison where inmates are in the process of escaping, he will most probably be allowed to justify his actions by relying on necessity as a defence, since he infringed a legal provision only. The endangered person must know he/she is acting in necessity If a person is conscious of the fact that an emergency exists and knowingly acted in necessity than he can rely on necessity as a defence. A person cannot thus rely on necessity as a ground of justification if he throws a brick through a window in an attempt to break into a house but his action saves the occupants lives who are sleeping in a room filled with poisonous gas. PRIVATE DEFENCE The onus is on the state to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused action cannot be justified, if private defence is raised as a ground of justification. Private defence involves a person who takes the law into his own hands. Therefore, it is a drastic measure that should not be used for corrective purposes. Snyman alleged that this ground of justification has no history, but exist from the beginning of time. (Snyman, 2008, p. 103). Every person has a right to defend himself against an unlawful attack a right that is recognised in section 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. The two theories for the existence of private defence are protection theory, which emphasises each persons right to defend oneself or another against an unlawful attack whereas in upholding-of justice theory is where people acting in private defence perform acts assist in upholding the legal order. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004, p. 178). It is the primary duty of the state to protect the life and property of individuals but no state no matter how big its recourses can afford it. Therefore, this right has been given by the state to every citizen to take the law into his own hands for their safety. REQUIREMENTS TO SUCCESSFULLY RELIANCE ON PRIVATE DEFENCE The requirements of private defence can be divided into two groups for the purpose of classification namely: the requirements with which the attack must comply and the requirements with which the defence must comply. Requirements of the attack It must be unlawful A legal interest deserves protection. It must be imminent, but not yet completed The attack must be unlawful When the attack on a person is unlawful only than can a defender rely on private defence. A suspect who was lawfully arrested by a police official cannot rely on private defence in resisting the arrest. On the other hand, when a police official exceeds his powers by arresting a person he is not allowed to arrest the person may resist and can rely on private defence to justify his resistance. A legal interest deserves protection. Normally a person acts in private defence to protect his life, limb, bodily integrity and property. These are not the only interest worth of protection as the courts also recognized a persons right to defend personal freedom, sexual integrity, self-respect and chastity. To protect the interest of other persons is also an act of private defence but than the third party should want the defender to act on his behalf. However, the defender will not be able to rely on private defence if the victim does not want the help of the defender. (Joubert, 2001, p. 52) The attack must be imminent, but not yet completed If it is clear that an attack is about to happen than a person can rely on private defence. The defender doesnt have to wait for the attacker to attack first if the attack is imminent he can avert the attack by defending himself before the attack actually arise. But if the attack have been already completed the defender no longer defend him but get even. In the case of S v Moghlwane it was find that if the attack formed part of one and the same immediate and continued act of resistance, the defender can rely on private defence even if he left the scene temporarily. (S v Mogohlwane, 1982) The defence requirements Before private defence can succeed the defensive action have to comply with certain standards. The defence must be directed at the attacker It must be necessary It must be reasonable The defence must be directed at the attacker When the defence is directed at anyone else than private defence as a ground of justification will not succeed therefore, it may only be directed at the attacker. (Snyman, Criminal Law, 2004) The defence must be necessary If there is another way that the attack can be averted in a less serious way than that option should be used. The law must not be taken into their own hands if the defender can rely on another remedy. Therefore, the defence should be absolutely necessary in order to protect the interest threatened. The question arises than should a person rather flee an attack than resort to private defence? But than once there is a duty to flee it will imply that justice will have to give up to injustice. Therefore, it is not expected of a police official on duty to flee if he is being attacked while lawfully performing his duties. The defence must be reasonable There should be a balance between the attack and the defence. The defence act may not be more harmful than necessary to ward of the attack. Therefore, it would be unreasonable to kill a person who attempts to steal bread. Proportionality also plays a very important role in determining whether the defence was reasonable or not. The proportionality requirement will be met if the defence act is reasonably proportionate to the attack. The right of private defence is a good weapon in the hand of citizens to defend themselves but it is not revenge rather towards the threat and imminent danger of an attack. The courts find it difficult whether this right had been exercised in good faith or not. Conclusion It can be said that the confusion arise between Necessity and private defence are that they are closely related to each other. The difference are than is that private defence is an act of defence directed at an unlawful human attack while necessity is directed at either the interests of another innocent party or a simple legal provision.

James Joyce Essay -- essays research papers fc

In selecting James Joyce's Ulysses as the best novel of the twentieth century, Time magazine affirmed Joyce's lasting legacy in the realm of English literature. James Joyce (1882-1941), the twentieth century Irish novelist, short story writer and poet is a major literary figure of the twentieth-century. Regarded as "the most international of writers in English ¡K[with] a global reputation (Attridge, pix), Joyce's stature in literature stems from his experimentation with English prose. Influenced by European writers and an encyclopedic knowledge of European literatures, Joyce's distinctive writing style includes epiphanies, the stream-of-consciousness technique and conciseness. Born in Rathgar, near Dubtin, in 1882, he lived his adult life in Europe and died in Zurich, Switzerland in 1941. The eldest of then children, Joyce attended a Jesuit boarding school Clongowes Wood from 18888-1891 and Belvedere College, another Jesuit school from 1893-1898. In 1902, Joyce graduated from University College and went to live in exile in Europe unable to tolerate the narrow-mindedness of his native country. Ironically, Ireland and Irish people become the subject of his short stories and novels. The two central preoccupations of his work are a sense of betrayal. Ireland, dominated both political and economically by Britain and religiously by the Catholic Church caused Joyce to regard them as "the two imperialisms" (Attridge P. 34). Roman Catholicism is an integral aspect of the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1917, the English novelist H.G. Wells in a review of the novel in the New Republic wrote, "by far the most living and convincing pic ture that exists of an Irish Catholic upbringing." Joyce's focus on betrayal was a consequence of the downfall in 1889of the Irish leader Charles Stuart Parnell when he was attacked by the Irish Catholic Church when named a correspondent in a divorce case. This treachery left an indelible mark on Joyce's mind. 	Joyce literary talent emerged at Belvedere as he began to read the work of European writers and in particular the Norwegian dramatist, Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906). At the age of eighteen, Joyce wrote an essay entitled "Ibsen's New Drama" which was published in the Fortnightly Review. When Ibsen sent him a note of thanks, "the awestruck Joyce resolved to learn Norwegion... ... days the about life span of his characters-as Joyce world do in 'The Dead' in Ulysses, and perhaps in Finnegan's Wake." (Atteridge p.65) There was an increasing concentration on form and language in Joyce's five novels. In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce in a few lines, describes Stephan, Dedalues's mood and characters. Works Cited 1. Arnold, Armin. James Joyce. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1969. 2. Attridge, Derek. The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 3. Benstock, Bernard. "Joyce, James." Twentieth Century Authors. New York: HW Wilson Company, 1942. 4. Cahalan, James M. A Critical History. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988. 5. "Joyce, James Augustine Aloysins." Microsoft Corpuration. Encarta. CD-Rom. Encarta. 1993-1996. 6. Kalasky, Drew. Short Story Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995. 7. Kenner, Hugh, Fritz Senn, E.L. Esptein, Robert Boyle, SJ. A Starchamber Quiry: a James Joyce Centennial Volume, 1882-1982. New York: Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1982. 8. Rice, Thomas Jackson. James Joyce: Life, Work, and Criticism. Frederiction: York Press LTD., 1985.

Among the Hidden Reflection Essay

â€Å"Among the hidden† and â€Å"Among the Impostor† is part of the phenomenal series called â€Å"The shadow children book.† This magnificent book is by Margaret Peterson Haddix. Her writing is very complex but descriptive as well, making it easier to understand the mystery book. She has countless memorable novels such as Turnabouts, Just Ella and Running out of Time. After I read this amazing series, I am hoping to read these outstanding novels. That’s why I decided to start of reading her best-selling book â€Å"Among the hidden.† The lesson I learned during this book was not to betray your friends. This is because a teenager named Jason told the population police his friends’ real names and that they are third children. When the police came, he checked their files and different names were posted and Jason was shocked and stammering. Then, he got arrested and went to jail. I recommend this outstanding book to grade 6 and above. Mainly because there are some inappropriate words in the book which isn’t a severe word you’ll see adult use or even high school kids when they are talking with their friends. This is a mystery/suspense book with lots of surprises happens throughout the book like in the second book, Luke wants a fake Id and gets it however the population police comes but doesn’t get caught which you won’t understand because he never does any bad action. There is also sadness like in the first book; Jen gets shot at president’s house which was also a surprise. If you’re grade 6 and above and love mystery/suspense and sadness then it’s a great choice to read these book. My favourite character is Luke because in both of the books because of his loving personality, he is nice, caring and respectful. He possess very good characteristic which will help him get good friends who will not tell on him on the population police because he is the third child, none of his friend does except Jason and he got his consequences. He posses these characteristic because when he teacher, parents and classmate treat him really bad, even though it tortures him he doesn’t do anything to get revenge. However, even though they do that he still respects them and does what they want him to do. Finally, my favourite part in these books was when Luke was brave enough to talk to Jason gang and tell them they stepped on his garden but before that moment in his life he was a scary cat. This showed me how much he changed from book one to book two. Unlike other series which the character usually has the personalities, but Jason was a different person.

Elizabeth Film Questions Essay

Elizabeth’s time was very complicated, especially for a lady ruler. Her’s was a time when the women were regarded to be inferior to the men. Monarchy was always about the King, and the Queen was only regarded as the bearer of the son. Elizabeth was able to shine above the rest by telling them that women also had the capabilities that men had. As a ruler, the intellectual capabilities and will to lead are needed. Being a man or a woman is only a facade that may be given by people all throughout. Elizabeth’s unique way somewhat gave me the idea that life is indeed based on the perception of people. All should be regarded equally, and that chances should be given to others who have not tasted success. Furthermore, Elizabeth never showed any sign of weakness during her reign, and I believe that this is something that others should learn to follow. Decisions in the work force are not always based on the emotions of people, but on what is right and appropriate. I also believe that is just proper for all to live an open mind so that disappointments may be avoided. 9. Elizabeth decided to become married to her job. What are the pros and cons of such a choice? Committing entirely to a specific job is something that people should learn to take seriously. At a young age, Elizabeth decided to become married to her job as Queen of England. For this, she had to leave her personal life behind, and had to prioritize the welfare of her people above anyone else. Unlike other women, Elizabeth executed a fiery heart that was far different from other women her age. As the queen, she led her army during the Golden Age, while the women stayed home to cater to the needs of the children. The pride and honor that would come with such action is irreplaceable with any sum of money; however, going home alone is another unfair effect. Since she opted not to marry, she was left alone with no one to turn to in times of heartaches. She had to resolve her queries alone, and had to be strong when she was feeling lowly. 12. If you were queen or king of your organization what would you do? Do you think it’s easy to be a monarch or a CEO? Why or why not? If I were King, I would opt for a government where freedom exists. I do not want my people to be afraid by my mere presence, nor would they be hindered from airing their sentiments to me and my government. In addition to this, I also want to rein a country where love and peace exists, and where others would be happy by the simple things in life. However, I also want to put a limit on the kind of openness that may exist between the government and the people. I deem it necessary so that the people would learn to practice an honest and simple life. Personally, I believe that both positions are quite difficult to accomplish in their own little ways. However, I would opt to be a CEO than be a King of a land. Work as a CEO is only isolated to the problems that may be experienced by a company, as compared to the numerous problems that may be placed on the head of the King. Each decision that is made by the CEO is geared towards the success and improvement of the company alone, but may turn the other way around when placed in the wrong set of hands. Regardless of such impediments, I believe that people should learn to keep an open mind for change in order to accomplish everything in a more positive note. May it be a King or a CEO, what is important is the fact that as ruler, I may be able to fulfill my duties geared towards the upheaval of life.

Want Answers Top 20 Current Trends in Resumes and Job Search

Want Answers Top 20 Current Trends in Resumes and Job Search What’s the â€Å"right† way to write a resume or conduct a job search? People ask me questions all the time about how many pages a resume should be; whether to include an Objective statement; what the value is of a web portfolio; etc. The fact is, there is no clear cut answer to many of these questions, and the answers change year by year, even day by day. They certainly can change depending on who you are, what industry you’re in, and what your experience level is. Ask the Experts Given that resume writing and job search strategies are constantly changing, I feel fortunate that there is a coalition of experts who spend a lot of time thinking about these issues, and even more fortunate that they share their wisdom each year. On December 30, 2010, a consortium of 156 career experts from the U.S., Canada and the U.K. met to brainstorm about career and employment issues. They published their findings on March 14, 2011 in Findings of 2010 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers. As my readers, you are privy to the valuable findings of this group of Career Thought Leaders. The latest trends in resume writing and job search strategies include: Your Google results are the new resume. Build a strong online presence so you look good when those results come up. And monitor your Google results routinely in case of anything fishy! Keep it short. Three-page resumes are discouraged, regardless of your experience level. Use â€Å"extras† or addenda if necessary for publications, technology qualifications, consulting experience, etc. Culture fit is more important than your skill set. Companies hire people, not resumes. Web portfolios are not as useful as you might think in most industries. Brand yourself! Keep your brand consistent throughout your job search documents. DO use a Core Competencies or Key Strengths section. DO put a testimonial or two on your resume. DO use tasteful graphic touches, including borders, text boxes or graphs when appropriate. Show the company what YOU can do for THEM. Write resume bullets that clearly show the problem you solved and how you solved it. If possible, write your intended job title instead of â€Å"Summary of Qualifications† above your summary. This structure makes your objective clear, and allows you to write a summary of your offerings instead of an objective. DO send paper resumes! They will make you stand out from the crowd. DO send a cover letter. Do not expect that it will be read. However, in some cases it is read first, so assume it will be read. E-cover letters (in the body of an email) can be short and sweet. Have a bio available in addition to a resume as an alternative introduction to a resume. Format your resume in Microsoft Word .doc format. Have a plain text resume available as well. Use Twitres (www.twitres.com) to display your resume on Twitter. Use Box.net to display your resume on LinkedIn (Box.net is my personal tip) Networking is still the absolute best way to get a job. Job boards just are not an effective tool for job search, although you should use them as part of your strategy. Only 13.2% of external hires in Fortune 500 companies came from job boards, whereas 26.7% came from referrals and 22.3% came from employer career sites. Overall, somewhere between 65-95% of all new hires come as a result of networking. That’s a pretty staggering statistic! Social networking an essential job search strategy, and LinkedIn tops the chart. 80% of recruiters use social media to recruit candidates. You absolutely MUST have a strong presence on LinkedIn, â€Å"the #1 online networking platform for job seekers† according to the report. Clear skeletons out of your closet if you can. With so many candidates vying for each open position, any red flags mean your application is put in the â€Å"no†pile. Employers will go back 20-30 years to make sure your record is clean. Become savvy with virtual technology. You might be required to attend a virtual interview, or you might choose to create a web-based resume or portfolio to get some extra notice. Need help to manage it all? Many job seekers are hiring virtual assistants just to keep up with it all! If you want to read more detail about these top 20 points, please go to the full article, Findings of 2010 Global Career Brainstorming Day: Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers. Were you surprised by any of the findings? What did you learn? Please share in the comments below.

The effects of debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The effects of debt - Essay Example Thus investors can receive a higher return on their investment. However, debt also leads to higher chance of bankruptcy and may restrict managerial behaviours. Thus the firm becomes more risky and on lower levels of return the earns to stock holders declines. The effects of debt on weighted average cost of capital (WACC) are uncertain. It is known that debt reduces the weighted average cost of capital since debt is cheaper than common equity due to tax saving. But since a higher return is demanded from common stock holders the actual effect is not know. Agency costs as well as financial distress may limit the usage of debt. Distress costs are usually higher for firms with significant intangible assets. The precise identification of a firm's optimal capital structure is impossible. There is also no exact measure for the effects of capital structure of a firm on its cost of capital or on the firm's stock prices. Based on this we can only estimate to an extent only what the optimum capital structure would be. The trade-off theory of leverage is one in which a firm trades off the favourable corporate tax treatments, that are, the benefits of debt financing, against high interest rates and costs of bankruptcies. Thus the firm optimizes the capital structure of the firm and balances the debt and equity in an optimum ratio. The trade off theory in effect realizes that agency cos... The higher the leverage of the firm the higher are the chances of distress faced by the managers. Thus as the level of debt increases in the firm, the cost of debt also increases. This makes debt more expensive as we take more debt. Similar is the case with equity as the debt level increases in the firm, the return on equity demanded by common stock holders increases. The salient features and implications of the trade-off theory are: 1. Debt becomes less expensive than common or preferred stock as interest paid on it is a deductible expense and thus debt provides tax shelters. However, firms do not use 100% debt since this increases the risk of the firm and thus to reduce costs of bankruptcies. 2. The tax benefits attained from low levels of leverage outweigh the bankruptcy costs but the bankruptcy costs outweigh the tax benefits at high levels of leverage. Thus a balance of the leverage in a firm has to be kept. 3. Nonetheless optimal capital structures do exist that can balance the benefits of tax shelters attained from leverage against its bankruptcy costs. The method adopted to minimize the weighted average cost of capital is as follows: The cost of debt and the cost of equity is evaluated at different levels or ratios of debt. Based on this a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is calculated by assigning market value of capital and market value of debt. This then gives the point where WACC can be minimized. This point is the optimum capital structure. Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow Jensen explains that excess cash flow is the excess cash flow over the required to fund all projects with a positive net present value. Thus essentially free cash flow is the cash flow available for dividend payout.

Construction Procurement and RIBA Plan of Work Assignment

Construction Procurement and RIBA Plan of Work - Assignment Example Separated & Cooperative System This system is one of the most widely used system where each party of the project namely client, designer and contractor are different and work separately. In this system each party completes it work and then project is transferred to next sequential predecessor. The system initiates with a feasibility study then detail design, tendering, contracting for construction along with construction supervision. The main advantages include the fact that it is one of the most practiced systems that’s why there are lesser problems encountered and general protocol procedure have been developed and well versed in case of problem. Another advantage of the system is that every aspect is done by an expert, hence every drawing, design and detail is developed to its maximum. Hence this produces a high quality of work done. The figure below shows each process that exists in a traditional procurement system. The disadvantage is that the system requires a lot of input and attention of the client, as his involvement in each step is detrimental. In addition due to the sequential nature of the system, extra time is required and wasted while transition from one step to another, as qualification and bids invitation for each party has to done for each step. Hence a variation is made in the systems processes which are now called as accelerated system, where feasibility, detail design, tender documentation and construction supervision, all the three works are given to single consultant. The whole construction process is assigned to single contractor, who selected from a prequalified contractors list. As a quantity surveyor I believe the system is well established and all system bugs have been eliminated. This system has better cost control as the client has to pay and perform the whole project piece by piece. But the time consumed is more hence the cost increase with time due to price escalation s. In my understanding, the system can be improved if the strong effective timeline of the project is created in the planning phase which will highlight the key dates of transition of different phases and review the whole timeline for free floats and critical activities to optimize the time allocation. An accurate time allocation can be only done if the correct quantity of work is known. 2. Integrated Procurement System The reason for creation of this system was to eliminate the disadvantage of the traditional procurement system. Rather than having several parties engaged in single project, in integrated procurement system the complete project is assigned to one firm that means the firm has to design as well as construct the project. The â€Å"Design & Build† system is comes under this procurement system. The starting process of this system is that a client gives an invitation to EPC (Engineering procurement construction) firms for a project and then these firms submit the te chnical and financial proposal for both design and construction. In addition the contractor along with consent of the client generally come into contractual bidding of completion of project with a certain agreed duration and in a negotiated price normally lump sum. There are some modification made to the integrated procurement systems which have resulted into newer and efficient systems for both the client and the contractor. The first among which is the â€Å"Turn key† project type. In this system the client will be handed over the keys

Article Astronomers Measure Precise Distance to Controversial Star Essay

Article Astronomers Measure Precise Distance to Controversial Star Cluster - Essay Example The further the distance of the star, the smaller the size of the parallax. Astronomy is a social activity where astronomers discuss ideas and interpret data while at the same time arguing on what the observation mean. In the scientific method, they make use of both the inductive and the deductive reasoning to learn about astronomy. In inductive reasoning, they make use of observations and use the results to make generalizations about astronomy. These generalizations may lead into a new theory or elaborations on a theory. They may also make use of deductive reasoning where the existing theories are subjected to rational considerations to come up with logical theory consequences. The consequences could result into new theories and other predictions testable through various experiments. For instance, there are radio astronomers claiming that they have determined a distance of the Pleiades cluster of star from the earth. However, the results contradict that of European satellite aimed at measuring stellar distances. The European space agency launched a Hipparcos satellite to measure a parallax of 100000 stars (Croswell, 2014). Unfortunately, a certain booster failed to fire leaving a satellite in an elliptical orbit around the earth resulting into complicated data analysis. Despite this, Hipparcos scientists released the data indicating the Pleiades cluster was closer to the earth. This raised a controversy since the analysis of data had been distorted. However, scientists agreed on a new methodology to resolve the ongoing controversy. They had to launch the Gaia spacecraft which measures parallaxes of billion stars including multiple Pleiades. The scientists are optimistic that by the end of a decade, then individuals will have a sure proof of how far the cluster is from the earth. However, this could raise more controversies if its findings contradict what the astronomers think they know. Thus, astronomers use the scientific

Early Intervention Essay Example for Free

Early Intervention Essay Early intervention is essential to achieve the best possible outcome for the child. However multi-agency working is important too, when all the professionals involved with a child share information and co-operate with each other lives can be improved and even saved. Baby P is an example of multi-agencies not working together properly, early intervention and working together will help prevent more unnecessary deaths. Early years practitioners can provide information for local services which may be helpful to disadvantaged or vulnerable families, we can work together with social workers, health professionals and even DHSS by helping to complete forms for additional benefits the family may be entitled to. The best interest of the child is always the priority, policies and guidance must also be followed when a referral is being made to an outside agency. Working together for the benefit of the child. Early intervention is also at the heart of the Governments national strategy on child poverty. They hope to provide support and de-stigmatise services, provide more health visitors for Sure Start Children’s Centres and are providing an Early Intervention Grant for local authorities to invest in addressing their local needs. The impact of all these measures for early intervention, will hopefully be a more stable society with less children in workless homes. Parents will be able to work and support their children, providing better homes, healthier food and a stable home life. Children will appreciate their education and strive to achieve their full potential. They will be safer, healthier and hopefully happier. They will have access to facilities to improve their health and well-being as well as their physical, social emotional development. Services will be in place to provide support to families in need, helping families stay together and become more stable. By 2020 our society will have changed for the better if the Governments strategy works.

History Of Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay

History Of Mental Illness Health And Social Care Essay Mental illness is a general term for a group of illnesses. Mental disorders result from biological, developmental and/or psychosocial factors. A mental illness can be mild or severe, temporary or prolonged. Mental illness can come and go throughout a persons life. Some people experience their illness only once and fully recover. For others, it is prolonged and recurs over time. Mental illness can make it difficult for someone to cope with work, relationships and other aspects of their life. Definition of mental illness Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a persons thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. Just as diabetes is a disorder of the pancreas, mental illnesses are medical conditions that often result in a diminished capacity for coping with the ordinary demands of life. Serious mental illnesses include major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder. The good news about mental illness is that recovery is possible. Mental illnesses can affect persons of any age, race, religion, or income. Mental illnesses are not the result of personal weakness, lack of character or poor upbringing. Mental illnesses are treatable. Most people diagnosed with a serious mental illness can experience relief from their symptoms by actively participating in an individual treatment plan. In addition to medication treatment, psychosocial treatment such as cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, peer support groups and other community services can also be components of a treatment plan and that assist with recovery. The availability of transportation, diet, exercise, sleep, friends and meaningful paid or volunteer activities contribute to overall health and wellness, including mental illness recovery. History of Mental illness Timeline 1247: Bethlehem Hospital (more frequently known as Bedlam) opens in London to house distraught and lunatik people. 1566: The New Worlds first mental hospital is established in Mexico City. 1774: The Act for Regulating Madhouses, Licensing, and Inspection is passed in England. The law forbade a persons commitment to a madhouse without a physicians certification of that individuals insanity. 1790s: A Quaker called William Turke opens the York Retreat near York, England, an asylum for the mentally ill. The Retreat favored humane treatment; physical restraints were not used and patients were comfortably housed. 1790s: French physician Phillipe Pinel begins working at the Bicentre and Salpetriere asylums where he develops traitement morale, a form of treatment that focused on the mental origins of madness. His kind treatment of his patients brought about recovery for many 1817: Quakers in Philadelphia open the first asylum in America based on the principles of moral treatment. 1841: Dorothea Dix, a schoolteacher from Cambridge Massachusetts, becomes inspired to take up the cause of the mentally ill. She travels to several states where she lobbies state legislatures to better their treatment of the mentally ill. Over thirty state mental hospitals were opened as a result of her efforts. 1867: The Packard Law passes in Illinois. Named for Eliza Packard, a woman committed against her will by her husband after a property dispute, the law required that a patients insanity be determined by a jury before he or she could be sent to an institution. 1927: The US Supreme Court rules in Buck v. Bell that the forced sterilization of defectives, including the mentally ill, is constitutional. 1954: The Durham Rule is established by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. It states that a person accused of a crime is not responsible if the criminal act was the product of a mental disease or a mental defect. It was later rejected due to problems defining mental disease and product. 1963: Congress passes the Community Mental Health Centers Act. This leads to the closure of many large state psychiatric hospitals. 1966: Lake v. Cameron, a case of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , declares that patients in psychiatric hospitals have the right to receive treatment in the setting that is least restrictive. 1975: US Senate holds hearings about the use of neuroleptics (antipsychotic drugs such as Thorazine) in juvenile jails and homes for the developmentally disabled. 1979: NAMI is founded. 1988: The Fair Housing Amendments Act prohibits housing discrimination against people with disabilities, including mental disabilities. 1990: The Americans with Disabilities Act is passed. It prohibits discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities. 2004: DuPage County begins the Mental Illness Court Alternative Program (MICAP.) 2008: Congress passes the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act. It requires that any limits to insurance coverage for mental illness be no more restrictive than those for physical health issues. 2010: Williams v. Quinn, a case heard by U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, rules that Illinois residents with mental illnesses living in nursing homes and other institutions for mental diseases (IMDs) have the right to live in integrated settings in the community Types of Mental Illness There are many different conditions that are recognized as mental illnesses. The more common types include: Anxiety disorders: People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety or nervousness, such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating. An anxiety disorder is diagnosed if the persons response is not appropriate for the situation, if the person cannot control the response, or if the anxiety interferes with normal functioning. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias. Mood disorders: These disorders, also called affective disorders, involve persistent feelings of sadness or periods of feeling overly happy, or fluctuations from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. The most common mood disorders are depression, mania, and bipolar disorder. Psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders involve distorted awareness and thinking. Two of the most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations the experience of images or sounds that are not real, such as hearing voices and delusions, which are false beliefs that the ill person accepts as true, despite evidence to the contrary. Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder. Eating disorders: Eating disorders involve extreme emotions, attitudes, and behaviors involving weight and food. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. Impulse control and addiction disorders: People with impulse control disorders are unable to resist urges, or impulses, to perform acts that could be harmful to themselves or others. Pyromania (starting fires), kleptomania (stealing), and compulsive gambling are examples of impulse control disorders. Alcohol and drugs are common objects of addictions. Often, people with these disorders become so involved with the objects of their addiction that they begin to ignore responsibilities and relationships. Personality disorders: People with personality disorders have extreme and inflexible personality traits that are distressing to the person and/or cause problems in work, school, or social relationships. In addition, the persons patterns of thinking and behavior significantly differ from the expectations of society and are so rigid that they interfere with the persons normal functioning. Examples include antisocial personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, and paranoid personality disorder. Other, less common types of mental illnesses include: Recommended Related to Mental Health Adjustment disorder: Adjustment disorder occurs when a person develops emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressful event or situation. The stressors may include natural disasters, such as an earthquake or tornado; events or crises, such as a car accident or the diagnosis of a major illness; or interpersonal problems, such as a divorce, death of a loved one, loss of a job, or a problem with substance abuse. Adjustment disorder usually begins within three months of the event or situation and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated. Dissociative disorders: People with these disorders suffer severe disturbances or changes in memory, consciousness, identity, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings. These disorders usually are associated with overwhelming stress, which may be the result of traumatic events, accidents, or disasters that may be experienced or witnessed by the individual. Dissociative identity disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, or split personality, and depersonalization disorder are examples of dissociative disorders. Factitious disorders: Factitious disorders are conditions in which physical and/or emotional symptoms are created in order to place the individual in the role of a patient or a person in need of help. Sexual and gender disorders: These include disorders that affect sexual desire, performance, and behavior. Sexual dysfunction, gender identity disorder, and the paraphilias are examples of sexual and gender disorders. Somatoform disorders: A person with a somatoform disorder, formerly known as psychosomatic disorder, experiences physical symptoms of an illness, even though a doctor can find no medical cause for the symptoms. Tic disorders: People with tic disorders make sounds or display body movements that are repeated, quick, sudden, and/or uncontrollable. (Sounds that are made involuntarily are called vocal tics.) Tourettes syndrome is an example of a tic disorder. Other diseases or conditions, including various sleep-related problems and many forms of dementia, including Alzheimers disease, are sometimes classified as mental illnesses, because they involve the brain. Causes of Mental Illness Were aware of several different forms of mental illnesses, right from bipolar disorder to schizophrenia to compulsive disorders. How often we come across murders carried out by mentally unstable people! In fact, there are scores of famous people with bipolar disorders. Mental illnesses are especially common in the United States. Approximately 26.2 % Americans above 18 years of age are believed to suffer from mental disorders every year, thereby conducing to one of the leading causes of disabilities in the US and Canada. But what causes mental illness? Mental illness is a condition affecting the brain, that influences the way a person thinks, feels, behaves and relates to others around him or her. The symptoms of mental illness may range from mild depressive symptoms to severe behavioral problems. Genetic Factors Depression and mental illnesses are often passed on from one generation to another through the genes. This means, a person with a family history of mental illness is more vulnerable to develop a mental illness. It is believed that mental illness is associated to various abnormalities in not just one, but several genes. This is the reason why the person inherits the vulnerability to develop this illness, but does not inherit the illness itself. When such people go through horrendous situations the balance of their mind tips and they get engulfed by mental illnesses. . Physical Factors People who have landed up injuring their head several times in accidents, are seen to damage certain areas of their brain and central nervous system, that lead to mental illnesses. Trauma occurring at the time of birth can also cause damage to the brain. Moreover, disruption of early fetal brain development can also lead to conditions like autism, etc. Some biological factors such as chemical imbalance in the brain, are also associated to mental illnesses. The chemicals called neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the brain to transfer impulses, thereby facilitating communication. However, when this balance tips, messages are not transferred correctly, leading to mental illness. Diseases affecting the brain such as Huntingtons chorea, multiple sclerosis and infections like Tuberculous meningitis, Encephalitis lethargica, etc. also result in mental illnesses. Psychological Factors People who have gone through harrowing experiences in their lives like emotional, physical, sexual abuse, domestic violence or bullying are often unable to cope with their traumatic past. Sometimes, the death of a loved one, betrayal or neglect during childhood years, also mars the persons emotional state of mind. This sometimes can be the reason of mental illness of a person. Social and Environmental Factors Poverty, living in a difficult and unsafe environment like in war zones, residing in earthquake prone and other natural disaster-prone areas, living in neighborhoods plagued by gangsters, etc. can lead to mental illnesses. These people develop a constant fear that conduces to mental illness. Moreover, unhealthy environment factors at home, such as growing up in a dysfunctional family, with narcissistic parents or neglecting parents can cause the balance of the childs brain to tip. The persons appearance regarding height and weight also causes depression in certain people. Mental illnesses should be not confused with mental retardation. People with mental illnesses do not exhibit limitations in mental, cognitive and social functions. Thus, causes of mental retardation and causes of mental illnesses are obviously different. The above mentioned causes cannot be viewed in isolation. Its when two or three different factors come together, such as past abuse and present horrendous situation come together, that it often causes the mental illness. It is important to not look upon people with mental illnesses with disdain and ostracize them. What they need is unconditional love. Espouse them and help them out of their pits of depression. The symptoms of mental illness A person with a mental illness can experience problems with their thinking, emotions and/or behaviour. These changes may happen quickly, or they may be gradual and subtle. It may take time to understand and identify what is happening. Psychotic symptoms These symptoms can include: Thoughts and feelings that are out of the ordinary or difficult to understand, such as thought of being persecuted or under surveillance for which there is no proof Experiencing sensations (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting something when there is nothing there that others can identify) Odd behaviour. Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness. Mood symptoms Some of the symptoms of a changed mood may include: Persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness, elation, anxiety, fear or irritability Changes in sleep patterns Changes in appetite Loss of interest in things that were previously enjoyable Periods of increased or decreased activity, where things may be started and not finished Difficulty thinking and concentrating Excessive worries Changes in use of alcohol and other drugs. Exact causes are unknown Many mental illnesses are thought to have a biological cause. What are the exact causes , its unknown. The relationship between stress and mental illness is complex, but it is known that stress can worsen an episode of mental illness. Treatment: Extraordinary advances have been made in the treatment of mental illness. Understanding what causes some mental health disorders helps doctors tailor treatment to those disorders. As a result, many mental health disorders can now be treated nearly as successfully as physical disorders. Psychological treatment Psychological treatments are based on the idea that some problems relating to mental illness occur because of the way people react to, think about and perceive things. They are particularly relevant to many people with anxiety disorders and depression. Psychological treatments can reduce the distress associated with symptoms and can even help reduce the symptoms themselves. These therapies may take several weeks or months to show benefits. Different psychological therapies used in the treatment of mental illness include: Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) examines how a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviour can get stuck in unhelpful patterns. The person and therapist work together to develop new ways of thinking and acting. Therapy usually includes tasks to perform outside the therapy sessions. CBT may be useful in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and psychotic disorders such as bipolar and schizophrenia. Interpersonal psychotherapy examines how a persons relationships and interactions with others affect their own thoughts and behaviours. Difficult relationships may cause stress for a person with a mental illness and improving these relationships may improve a persons quality of life. This therapy may be useful in the treatment of depression. Dialectical behaviour therapy is a treatment for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD). A key problem for people with BPD is handling emotions. This therapy helps people to better manage their emotions and responses. Treatment with medication Medications are mainly helpful for people who are more seriously affected by mental illness. Different types of medication treat different types of mental illness: Antidepressant medications about 60 to 70 per cent of people with depression respond to initial antidepressant treatment. These medications are now also used (in combination with psychological therapies) to treat phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorders. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat psychotic illnesses, for example schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Newer antipsychotic medications may have some side effects, but tend to have fewer of the effects that were associated with the older medications, for example stiffening and weakening of the muscles and muscle spasms. Mood stabilising medications are helpful for people who have bipolar disorder (previously known as manic depression). These medications, such as lithium carbonate, can help reduce the recurrence of major depression and can help reduce the manic or high episodes. Other forms of treatment Effective treatment involves more than medications. Treatment may also involve: Community support including information, accommodation, help with finding suitable work, training and education, psychosocial rehabilitation and mutual support groups. Understanding and acceptance by the community is very important. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) this treatment can be a highly effective treatment for severe depression and, sometimes, for other diagnoses when other treatments have not been effective. After the person is given a general anaesthetic and muscle relaxant, an electrical current is passed through their brain. Hospitalisation this only occurs when a person is acutely ill and needs intensive treatment for a short time. It is considered better for a persons mental health to treat them in the community, in their familiar surroundings. Involuntary treatment this can occur when the psychiatrist recommends someone needs treatment but the person doesnt agree. In general, people receive involuntary treatment to ensure their own safety or that of others. Mental illness in Pakistan: Mental health in Pakistan has remained a subject of debate since the last few years. The incidence and prevalence have both increased tremendously in the background of growing insecurity, terrorism, economical problems, political uncertainty, unemployment and disruption of the social fabric. 1 Sinking below poverty line by almost 39% of the individuals is an alarming factor worth noting. Many people are now presenting to psychiatrists probably because of the growing awareness through the good work of media. Though there are many things which can be done to improve the mental health of the people in the areas of social environment, economic improvement and political harmony etc. but the important subject for debate is that, how far we are in the areas of education, service and research related to mental health having direct impact on the patient population. From 1947 to 2005, almost 58 years have passed since the independence of the country and many countries with this age have done w onders in overall upkeep of health care and specially the mental health. The scenario though is improving, but is it at the required pace? If we first take the area of education by virtue of which we train our future doctors who in turn can become navigators helping us in sailing smoothly through the heavy storm of up surging mental illnesses, we find lacunas which are evident when it comes to ultimate care of patients. With the exception of very few institutions, the subject of behavioral sciences which has been introduced by the PMDC in the early years of medical teaching is not being taken serious enough, low number of behavioral scientists cannot alone be blamed for this, there are no structured rotation programmes for senior medical students which means a calendar indicating topics, patient sessions, log book and evaluation strategy with weightage in the final year marking system. Low interest by students in the subject of psychiatry despite few institutions model teaching/trai ning programme is understandable in view of no separate paper in psychiatry and very low representation in the paper and clinico-orals of the subject of General Medicine. Regarding the departments, are we fulfilling the international requirements of a good department of psychiatry with full-fledged faculty in all hierarchies? The answer is simply no. Regarding the postgraduate education, how many recognized centers follow structured programmes emphasizing adequate patient exposure, ongoing continuing medical education programmes, research, exposure to subspecialties like, child, geriatric, forensic and rehabilitation psychiatry etc., is there a rural exposure, is there training in cultural issues, is there emphasis on liaison service and multidisciplinary team approach, is there a standard methodology for continuous monitoring and evaluation with resultant weightage in postgraduate exit examinations, is there training in audit and psychiatric administration, the answers to most of t hese questions will remain unanswered nationally. It is precautionary not to say a word about the selection criteria of evaluators and examiners lest it is not politically biased and motivated. It is also worth noting that during postgraduate training how many of the prospective specialists are monitored and assessed for culturally relevant mental state examination, adequate case note management, observation of prescribing practices and its justification, communication skills etc. Once certified, there is no provision of higher specialist training for a period of at least three years on the pattern of UK with evaluation of practice-based efficiency, infact, the UK model is worth adopting. 2 There is no trend for CME credit maintenance and hence no programme specifically designed for psychiatrists though there are many such programmes for the general practitioners of course with no condition of maintaining credit certification, this is mostly prompted by the pharmaceutical companies with a view of improving sale as evidence has shown that the knowledge of even most common disorder depression was not adequate among general practitioners. When we come to service, though the major teaching hospitals have established separate departments of psychiatry but in most of the cases they are not well equipped specially in terms of psychiatric manpower both skill and number wise. Still Pakistan has very low number of psychiatrists and these too are continuously being drained by the developed countries especially by the western world where they are being offered an attractive package and lifestyle that the question remains as to who comes back and serves the nation. 4 It is not surprising that there are a large number of Pakistani psychiatrists in United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand apart from those in Middle East, Africa and South East Asia. It seems that soon we shall become a psychiatrists exporting region like our neighbour India thus causing further deepening of the problem related to the already existing scarcity of psychiatrists. 5 Also, at the same time it is vitally important to abolish the feudal psychiatry which fortunately is being eroded by young generation of psychiatrists. There is also acute shortage of allied mental health professionals. In view of poverty, low health budget, high cost of medicines there is huge economic burden on the patients. 6 The hospitals also dont follow the intake/admission criteria, no separate unit for subspecialties, no appropriate long stay units, no exit/discharge criteria, no rehabilitation services, no exchange of information between psychiatrists and family practitioners, no proper advertisement of available services, no concept of day centers, day hospitals, ill developed community services, no central registry of patients and set policy for management systems in the psychiatric set ups and finally no internal referral system. As far as research is conc erned, there is still low representation in local accredited journals and very low in international journals. 7 Though there has been an increase in lay and scientific write-ups recently but it is still far from satisfactory state. Papers are produced for promotions and that too are for the sake of papers, matter of keeping up standards are ignored. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published regularly from Lahore once upon a time disappeared eventually. The first journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society called JPPS was published in the year 2003, which was blocked politically and was not reproduced again. . It appears that still we are far behind in achieving the standards and in order to improve the existing scenario some steps are essential. In order to bring improvement in psychiatric education, it is important to pay emphasis on the subject of behavioral sciences, design an appropriate undergraduate training program in line with one of the international modules, inculcation of research interest among medical students, either introduction of a separate paper of psychiatry or at least 25% of weightage in the paper of medicine, at postgraduate level more structured training program with exposure to subspecialties, designing a postgraduate curriculum and module, introduction of audit of training and performance, provision of higher specialist training at the level of specialist registrar, private-public partnership in provision of services, mobilization of more resources for mental health and maintaining of records. There is a need for development of research culture especially in the a reas of need assessment is also necessary. Along with these efforts the medical fraternity can force the government to allocate a higher budget, reduce poverty, bring social justice and harmony, improving political scenario. It is also advisable to create better incentives for the mental health professionals in order to avert brain drain. Efforts for providing a conducive environment to the public to help in promoting sound mental as well as physical health are imperative. Literature Review Anxiety and depressive disorders are common in all regions of the world. 1 They constitute a substantial proportion of the global burden of disease, and are projected to form the second most common cause of disability by 2020.2 This increased importance of non-communicable diseases such as anxiety and depressive disorders presents a particular challenge for low income countries, where infectious diseases and malnutrition are still rife and where only a low percentage of gross domestic product is allocated to health services.3 These disorders are also important because of their economic consequences. 4 With an estimated population of 152 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. It is projected that, by 2050, the population will have increased to make it the fourth most populous country.5 There is a need to develop an evidence base to aid policy development on tackling anxiety and depressive disorders. We therefore conducted a systematic review as no such work existed to our knowledge. Our main questions were (a) what the estimated prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders is in Pakistan and how this compares with estimates from other low income countries; (b) what the associated social, psychological, and biological factors are; and (c) what evidence exists for effectiveness of treatment or prevention in this population. Prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders estimated in the studies. The overall mean prevalence in men and women in the six studies of random community samples (n = 2658) was 33.62%, with the point prevalence varying from 28.8% to 66% for women (overall mean 45.5%) and from 10% to 33% for men (overall mean 21.7%). Women aged 15-49 were studied in a paper with 28.8% prevalence, while young men with a mean age of 18 participated in a study reporting 33% prevalence. Only one study reported adjusted prevalence with 95% confidence intervals. For those presenting to traditional or faith healers (n = 511), the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders among men varied from 2.65% to 27%, and among women from 11.5 % to 52%. Three studies looked at total psychiatric morbidity in primary care (n = 774). One described women in a rural area, with a prevalence of 50%, while another described 18% prevalence for men and 42.2% for women in an urban area. The third study, with a prevalence of 38.4%, did not specify participants sex. Of those presenting to psychiatric outpatients (n = 2430), the prevalence varied between 32% and 66.3%. There were two studies on psychiatric inpatients, one reported a prevalence of depressive illness of 37% (n = 2620), while the other reported 19.1% (n = 177). Comparison with other low income countries Using stringent criteria, Harding et al reported an overall frequency of anxiety and depression of 13.9% in four developing countries.9 Community studies from Africa have reported prevalences of 24% in rural Uganda and 20%-24% in rural South Africa. Among patients attending primary care, the prevalence varied from 8% to 29%. Patients attending primary care in India showed prevalences between 21% and 57%. In relation to risk factors, Abas and Broadhead found a significant association with formal employment, below average income, overcrowding, and certificate of secondary education in urban Zimbabwe.In the same study, they also found a significant association with humiliation or entrapment and with death or other l